Networking Protocol

Content:

• Introduction
• TCP/IP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• PPP
• HTTP
• SMTP
• POP3
• Remote Login (Telnet)
• Wireless / Mobile Communication protocol
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
• CDMA
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
• Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)
• MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
• 1G
• 2G
• 3G
• 4G
• Wireless technologies
• Wi-Fi
• WiMax

Introduction:

In communication, Protocol is a set of standard rules that the communicating parties — the sender, the receiver, and all other intermediate devices need to follow.

Protocols Define:
• Control the flow of data between sender and receiver


• Access control, required to decide which nodes in a communication channel will access the link shared among them at a particular instant of time.


• how computers identify one another on a network.(IP V4/V6)


• the form to which the data should be converted for transit.
• how to decide whether the data received is for that node or to be forwarded to another node.
• ensuring that all the data have reached the destination without any loss.
• how to rearrange the packets and process them at the destination.

TCP/IP:

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of standardised rules that uses a client-server model of communication in which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network.

Main Features

• The IP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is assigned an IP address, which is used to identify each node independently.
• TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks, called IP packets. Each of these packets are routed (transmitted) through the Internet
• TCP guarantees the delivery of packets on the designated IP address. It is also responsible for ordering the packets so that they are delivered in sequence.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files from one machine to another.FTP also works on a client-server model.

Main Features:

• FTP sets up a connection between the two nodes for accessing the file. Optionally, the user can authenticate using user ID and password.
• FTP also takes care of issues like file naming convention, representation of text and data, directory structure etc.
• PORT 25 and 21 are used for communication

Point to Point Protocol (PPP):

PPP is a communication protocol which establishes a dedicated and direct connection between two communicating devices. This protocol defines how two devices will authenticate each other and establish a direct link between them to exchange data. The Internet users who connect their home computers to the server of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) through a modem also use PPP.

HTTP( HyperText Transfer Protocol):

It is the primary protocol used to access the World Wide Web.HTTP is a request-response (also called client-server) protocol that runs over TCP. The common use of HTTP is between a web browser (client) and a web server (server). HTTP use port 8080 for communication.

SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):

SMTP is used for sending email messages to other networks or computers. It handles only outgoing messages and not incoming messages. SMTP does not create messages; rather, it helps in forwarding messages between client servers. It uses TCP to send messages to another host. For receiving messages, another protocol POP (post office protocol) is used. Thus, email clients require addresses of both SMTP server and another server that processes incoming messages (usually POP or IMAP). SMTP uses TCP port number 25 for standard communication.

POP3(Post Office Protocol 3):

The POP (Post Office Protocol 3) is a simple and standard method to access mailbox and download messages to the local computers. The user can receive messages with the help of POP protocol. The advantage is that once the messages are downloaded, an internet connection is no longer needed to read the mail.
the POP protocol (POP2 and POP3) sends text commands to the POP server. There are two main versions of this protocol—POP2 and POP3—to which ports 109 and 110 respectively are allocated.

Remote Login (Telnet)

Telnet is a remote login that helps a user to log on to another user’s terminal without being its original user. A user who is logging in to their own system can also get access to log on to another user system and perform various functions such as accessing files or sharing files to/from the remote system. With TELNET, a user logs in as a regular user with whatever privileges that may have been granted to the specific application and data on that computer.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication):

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication. It provides its subscribers with roaming facility so that they can use their mobile phones all over the world to communicate with each other. GSM provides digital signalling as well as digital call facility and is so considered as a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 mbps of data rates. The key feature of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), generally known as SIM card. It is a detachable smart card that contains the subscriber’s information along the phone book.
DEF: GSM is a wireless communication medium that provides the user with roaming facility, good voice quality, SMS, etc., through digital signals

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. It is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It allows the division of transmission medium into different channels so that transmission from different stations is separated from each other.
DEF: CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum technique where the entire bandwidth is divided among several users for transmission of data.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)

GPRS or General Packet Radio Services provides various features over 2G phones with respect to high speed data transfer. A user can send and receive data at the same time and thus uses the same bandwidth for both purposes. GPRS can provide data rates up to 32kbps to 48kbps.
DEF: GPRS provides high speed data transfer. A user is allowed to download video streaming, audio files, email messages, etc

Services Provided By GPRS:

• Sending and receiving text messages.
• Internet access.
• Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).
• Networking facility with one person or with several persons in a group, i.e., video conferencing

Wireless in Local Loop (WLL):

WLL provides the subscribers with wireless phone facility to communicate with each other in order to get better voice quality. It employs the use of electromagnetic radiation to connect subscribers to the local exchange without the use of wires. Wireless in local loop is cheaper and quicker than copper wire connectivity.

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES—1G, 2G, 3G, 4G

1G Technology:

1G technology was used in the first mobile phones. 1G was introduced in the 1980’s.Transmission of voice data took place through analog radio signals. 1G network was used for voice calls and not for transmitting text messages

Features of 1G:

• It provides data rates up to 2.4 kbps.
• It uses analog signals.
• Voice quality is not very good and It does not support transmission of text messages
• It does not provide security

2G Technology:

2G technology is the first digital cellular system that was launched in the early 1990’s that provides high data transmission rate in digital format. 2G also introduced data services for mobiles, starting with SMS. For example GSM/GPRS, CDMAOne.

Features of 2G:

• Good quality of sound.
• Higher data rates up to 64 kbps.
• Improved security mechanism.
• Transmission of data such as text messages in digital format.
• It does not support transfer of complex data such as videos.
• Support transfer of picture messages and MMS.

3G Technology:

3G technology was introduced in the year 2000 and provides much higher data rates with speed from 144kbps to 2mbps. 3G technology has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data, making it possible to have faster web services, live chat, fast downloading, video conferencing, etc., over mobile phones. For example, CDMA2000/EV-DO,WCDMA/HSPA+,TD-SCDMA.

Features of 3G:

• It has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data with faster web services.
• Live chat, fast downloading, video conferencing, etc., are also possible over mobile phones
• It provides broadband internet services.
• High bandwidth is required.
• It allows the user to play 3D games.

4G Technology:

4G mobile technology uses ultra-high broadband internet services with much faster data speed, typically between 100 mbps–1gbps. 4G provides internet access, high quality streaming video and “anytime, anywhere” voice and data transmission at a much faster speed than 3G

Features of 4G:

• It is used for internet access on computers also and is totally wireless.
• 4G provides internet access, high quality streaming video and “anytime, anywhere” voice and data transmission at a much faster speed than 3G.
• It delivers faster and better mobile broadband experiences.
• It provides more data capacity for richer content and more connections

NOTE: The “anytime, anywhere” feature of 4G is also referred to as “MAGIC” (Mobile multimedia) anytime/anywhere.

Wireless Technology:

Wireless technology is the process of sending information through invisible waves in the air. Information such as data, voice and video are carried through the radio frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity):

Wi-Fi is wireless fidelity where communication takes place without wires. The users share the data with each other by connecting to the broadband internet service without using cables. As it is not a secured media of transmitting data, the user must use privacy methods such as using passwords and make the connection security enabled so that it does not become susceptible to hackers.

Wi-Max (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access):

Wi-Max is a wireless communication system that provides broadband internet accessibility up to 30 miles. The data transmission takes place without wires. It provides data rates up to 30 to 40 megabit-per-second and up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. Wi-Max is based on standard IEEE 802.16 technology that provides users with access to high-speed voice, data and internet connectivity.